# Matrices and Vectors

Math.NET Numerics includes rich types for matrices and vectors. They support both single and double precision, real and complex floating point numbers.

$\mathbf{A}= \begin{bmatrix} a_{0,0} & a_{0,1} & \cdots & a_{0,(n-1)} \\ a_{1,0} & a_{1,1} & \cdots & a_{1,(n-1)} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{(m-1),0} & a_{(m-1),1} & \cdots & a_{(m-1),(n-1)} \end{bmatrix},\quad \mathbf{v}=\begin{bmatrix}v_0\\v_1\\ \vdots \\v_{n-1}\end{bmatrix}$

Like all data structures in .Net they are 0-indexed, i.e. the top left cell has index (0,0). In matrices, the first index always refers to the row and the second index to the column. Empty matrices or vectors are not supported, i.e. each dimension must have a length of at least 1.

### Context: Linear Algebra

The context and primary scenario for these types is linear algebra. Their API is broad enough to use them in other contexts as well, but they are not optimized for geometry or as general purpose storage structure as common in MATLAB. This is intentional, as spatial problems, geography and geometry have quite different usage patterns and requirements to linear algebra. All places where Math.NET Numerics can be used have a strong programming language with their own data structures. For example, if you have a collection of vectors, consider to store them in a list or array of vectors, not in a matrix (unless you need matrix operations, of course).

## Storage Layout

Both dense and sparse vectors are supported:

• Dense Vector uses a single array of the same length as the vector.
• Sparse Vector uses two arrays which are usually much shorter than the vector. One array stores all values that are not zero, the other stores their indices. They are sorted ascendingly by index.

Matrices can be either dense, diagonal or sparse:

• Dense Matrix uses a single array in column-major order.
• Diagonal Matrix stores only the diagonal values, in a single array.
• Sparse Matrix stores non-zero values in 3 arrays in the standard compressed sparse row (CSR) format. One array stores all values that are not zero, another array of the same length stores the their corresponding column index. The third array of the length of the number of rows plus one, stores the offsets where each row starts, and the total number of non-zero values in the last field.

If your data contains only very few zeros, using the sparse variant is orders of magnitudes slower than their dense counterparts, so consider to use dense types unless the data is very sparse (i.e. almost all zeros).

## Creating Matrices and Vectors

The Matrix<T> and Vector<T> types are defined in the MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra namespace.

For technical and performance reasons there are distinct implementations for each data type. For example, for double precision numbers there is a DenseMatrix class in the MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra.Double namespace. You do not normally need to be aware of that, but as consequence the generic Matrix<T> type is abstract and we need other ways to create a matrix or vector instance.

The matrix and vector builder provide functions to create instances from a variety of formats or approaches.

 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6:  // create a dense matrix with 3 rows and 4 columns // filled with random numbers sampled from the standard distribution Matrix m = Matrix.Build.Random(3, 4); // create a dense zero-vector of length 10 Vector v = Vector.Build.Dense(10); 

Since within an application you often only work with one specific data type, a common trick to keep this a bit shorter is to define shortcuts to the builders:

 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6:  var M = Matrix.Build; var V = Vector.Build; // build the same as above var m = M.Random(3, 4); var v = V.Dense(10); 

The builder functions usually start with the layout (Dense, Sparse, Diagonal), so if we'd like to build a sparse matrix, intellisense will list all available options together once you type M.Sparse.

There are variants to generate synthetic matrices, for example:

  1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17:  // 3x4 dense matrix filled with zeros M.Dense(3, 4); // 3x4 dense matrix filled with 1.0. M.Dense(3, 4, 1.0); // 3x4 dense matrix where each field is initialized using a function M.Dense(3, 4, (i,j) => 100*i + j); // 3x4 square dense matrix with each diagonal value set to 2.0 M.DenseDiagonal(3, 4, 2.0); // 3x3 dense identity matrix M.DenseIdentity(3); // 3x4 dense random matrix sampled from a Gamma distribution M.Random(3, 4, new Gamma(1.0, 5.0)); 

But often we already have data available in some format and need a matrix representing the same data. Whenever a function contains "Of" in its name it does create a copy of the original data.

  1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22: 23: 24: 25: 26: 27: 28: 29: 30: 31: 32: 33: 34: 35: 36: 37: 38:  // Copy of an existing matrix (can also be sparse or diagonal) Matrix x = ... M.DenseOfMatrix(x); // Directly bind to an existing column-major array without copying (note: no "Of") double[] x = existing... M.Dense(3, 4, x); // From a 2D-array double[,] x = {{ 1.0, 2.0 }, { 3.0, 4.0 }}; M.DenseOfArray(x); // From an enumerable of values and their coordinates Tuple[] x = {Tuple.Create(0,0,2.0), Tuple.Create(0,1,-3.0)}; M.DenseOfIndexed(3,4,x); // From an enumerable in column major order (column by column) double[] x = {1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0}; M.DenseOfColumnMajor(2, 2, x); // From an enumerable of enumerable-columns (optional with explicit size) IEnumerable> x = ... M.DenseOfColumns(x); // From a params-array of array-columns (or an enumerable of them) M.DenseOfColumnArrays(new[] {2.0, 3.0}, new[] {4.0, 5.0}); // From a params-array of column vectors (or an enumerable of them) M.DenseOfColumnVectors(V.Random(3), V.Random(3)); // Equivalent variants also for rows or diagonals: M.DenseOfRowArrays(new[] {2.0, 3.0}, new[] {4.0, 5.0}); M.DenseOfDiagonalArray(new[] {2.0, 3.0, 4.0}); // if you already have existing matrices and want to concatenate them Matrix[,] x = ... M.DenseOfMatrixArray(x); 

Very similar variants also exist for sparse and diagonal matrices, prefixed with Sparse and Diagonal respectively.

The approach for vectors is exactly the same:

  1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16:  // Standard-distributed random vector of length 10 V.Random(10); // All-zero vector of length 10 V.Dense(10); // Each field is initialized using a function V.Dense(10, i => i*i); // From an enumerable of values and their index Tuple[] x = {Tuple.Create(3,2.0), Tuple.Create(1,-3.0)}; V.DenseOfIndexed(x); // Directly bind to an existing array without copying (note: no "Of") double[] x = existing... V.Dense(x); 

### Creating matrices and vectors in F#

In F# we can use the builders just like in C#, but we can also use the F# modules:

  1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22: 23: 24: 25:  let m1 = matrix [[ 2.0; 3.0 ] [ 4.0; 5.0 ]] let v1 = vector [ 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 ] // dense 3x4 matrix filled with zeros. // (usually the type is inferred, but not for zero matrices) let m2 = DenseMatrix.zero 3 4 // dense 3x4 matrix initialized by a function let m3 = DenseMatrix.init 3 4 (fun i j -> float (i+j)) // diagonal 4x4 identity matrix of single precision let m4 = DiagonalMatrix.identity 4 // dense 3x4 matrix created from a sequence of sequence-columns let x = Seq.init 4 (fun c -> Seq.init 3 (fun r -> float (100*r + c))) let m5 = DenseMatrix.ofColumnSeq x // random matrix with standard distribution: let m6 = DenseMatrix.randomStandard 3 4 // random matrix with a uniform and one with a Gamma distribution: let m7a = DenseMatrix.random 3 4 (ContinuousUniform(-2.0, 4.0)) let m7b = DenseMatrix.random 3 4 (Gamma(1.0, 2.0)) 

Or using any other of all the available functions.

## Arithmetics

All the common arithmetic operators like +, -, *, / and % are provided, between matrices, vectors and scalars. In F# there are additional pointwise operators .*, ./ and .% available for convenience.

 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8:  let m = matrix [[ 1.0; 4.0; 7.0 ] [ 2.0; 5.0; 8.0 ] [ 3.0; 6.0; 9.0 ]] let v = vector [ 10.0; 20.0; 30.0 ] let v' = m * v let m' = m + 2.0*m 

### Arithmetic Instance Methods

All other operations are covered by methods, like Transpose and Conjugate, or in F# as functions in the Matrix module, e.g. Matrix.transpose. But even the operators have equivalent methods. The equivalent code from above when using instance methods:

 1: 2:  var v2 = m.Multiply(v); var m2 = m.Add(m.Multiply(2)); 

These methods also have an overload that accepts the result data structure as last argument, allowing to avoid allocating new structures for every single operation. Provided the dimensions match, most also allow one of the arguments to be passed as result, resulting in an in-place application. For example, an in-place version of the code above:

 1: 2:  m.Multiply(v, v); // v <- m*v m.Multiply(3, m); // m <- 3*m 

### Shortcut Methods

A typical linear algebra problem is the regression normal equation $$\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf y = \mathbf{X}^T\mathbf X \mathbf p$$ which we would like to solve for $$p$$. By matrix inversion we get $$\mathbf p = (\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf X)^{-1}(\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf y)$$. This can directly be translated to the following code:

 1:  (X.Transpose() * X).Inverse() * (X.Transpose() * y) 

Since products where one of the arguments is transposed are common, there are a few shortcut routines that are more efficient:

 1:  X.TransposeThisAndMultiply(X).Inverse() * X.TransposeThisAndMultiply(y) 

Of course in practice you would not use the matrix inverse but a decomposition:

 1: 2: 3: 4:  X.TransposeThisAndMultiply(X).Cholesky().Solve(X.TransposeThisAndMultiply(y)) // or if the problem is small enough, simply: X.Solve(y); 

## Norms

With norms we assign a "size" to vectors and matrices, satisfying certain properties pertaining to scalability and additivity. Except for the zero element, the norm is strictly positive.

Vectors support the following norms:

• L1Norm or Manhattan norm (p=1): the sum of the absolute values.
• L2Norm or Euclidean norm (p=2): the square root of the sum of the squared values. This is the most common norm and assumed if nothing else is stated.
• InfinityNorm (p=infinity): the maximum absolute value.
• Norm(p): generalized norm, essentially the p-th root of the sum of the absolute p-power of the values.

Similarly, matrices support the following norms:

• L1Norm (induced): the maximum absolute column sum.
• L2Norm (induced): the largest singular value of the matrix (expensive).
• InfinityNorm (induced): the maximum absolute row sum.
• FrobeniusNorm (entry-wise): the square root of the sum of the squared values.
• RowNorms(p): the generalized p-norm for each row vector.
• ColumnNorms(p): the generalized p-norm for each column vector.

Vectors can be normalized to unit p-norm with the Normalize method, matrices can normalize all rows or all columns to unit p-norm with NormalizeRows and NormalizeColumns.

## Sums

Closely related to the norms are sum functions. Vectors have a Sum function that returns the sum of all vector elements, and SumMagnitudes that returns the sum of the absolute vector elements (and is identical to the L1-norm).

Matrices provide RowSums and ColumnSums functions that return the sum of each row or column vector, and RowAbsoluteSums and ColumnAbsoluteSums for the sums of the absolute elements.

## Condition Number

The condition number of a function measures how much the output value can change for a small change in the input arguments. A problem with a low condition number is said to be well-conditioned, with a high condition number ill-conditioned. For a linear equation $$Ax=b$$ the condition number is the maximum ratio of the relative error in $$x$$ divided by the relative error in $$b$$. It therefore gives a bound on how inaccurate the solution $$x$$ will be after approximation.

 1:  M.Random(4,4).ConditionNumber(); // e.g. 14.829 

## Trace and Determinant

For a square matrix, the trace of a matrix is the sum of the elements on the main diagonal, which is equal to the sum of all its eigenvalues with multiplicities. Similarly, the determinant of a square matrix is the product of all its eigenvalues with multiplicities. A matrix is said to be singular if its determinant is zero and non-singular otherwise. In the latter case the matrix is invertible and the linear equation system it represents has a single unique solution.

 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6:  var m = M.DenseOfArray(new[,] {{ 1.0, 2.0, 1.0}, {-2.0, -3.0, 1.0}, { 3.0, 5.0, 0.0}}); m.Trace(); // -2 m.Determinant(); // ~0 hence not invertible, either none or multiple solutions 

## Column Space, Rank and Range

The rank of a matrix is the dimension of its column and row space, i.e. the maximum number of linearly independent column and row vectors of the matrix. It is a measure of the non-degenerateness of the linear equation system the matrix represents.

An orthonormal basis of the column space can be computed with the range method.

 1: 2: 3:  // with the same m as above m.Rank(); // 2 m.Range(); // [-0.30519,0.503259,-0.808449], [-0.757315,-0.64296,-0.114355] 

## Null Space, Nullity and Kernel

The null space or kernel of a matrix $$A$$ is the set of solutions to the equation $$Ax=0$$. It is the orthogonal complement to the row space of the matrix.

The nullity of a matrix is the dimension of its null space. An orthonormal basis of the null space can be computed with the kernel method.

 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6:  // with the same m as above m.Nullity(); // 1 m.Kernel(); // [0.845154,-0.507093,0.169031] // verify: (m * (10*m.Kernel()[0])); // ~[0,0,0] 

## Matrix Decompositions

Most common matrix decompositions are directly available as instance methods. Computing a decomposition can be expensive for large matrices, so if you need to access multiple properties of a decomposition, consider to reuse the returned instance.

All decompositions provide Solve methods than can be used to solve linear equations of the form $$Ax=b$$ or $$AX=B$$. For simplicity the Matrix class also provides direct Solve methods that automatically choose a decomposition. See Linear Equation Systems for details.

Currently these decompositions are optimized for dense matrices only, and can leverage native providers like Intel MKL if available. For sparse data consider to use the iterative solvers instead if appropriate, or convert to dense if small enough.

• Cholesky: Cholesky decomposition of symmetric positive definite matrices
• LU: LU decomposition of square matrices
• QR(method): QR by Householder transformation. Thin by default (Q: mxn, R: nxn) but can optionally be computed fully (Q: mxm, R: mxn).
• GramSchmidt: QR by Modified Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
• Svd(computeVectors): Singular Value Decomposition. Computation of the singular U and VT vectors can optionally be disabled.
• Evd(symmetricity): Eigenvalue Decomposition. If the symmetricity of the matrix is known, the algorithm can optionally skip its own check.

## Manipulating Matrices and Vectors

Individual values can be get and set in matrices and vectors using the indexers or the At methods. Using At instead of the indexers is slightly faster but skips some range checks, so use it only after checking the range yourself.

 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6:  var m = Matrix.Build.Dense(3,4,(i,j) => 10*i + j); m[0,0]; // 0 (row 0, column 0) m[2,0]; // 20 (row 2, column 0) m[0,2]; // 2 (row 0, column 2) m[0,2] = -1.0; m[0,2]; // -1 

In F#:

 1:  m.[2,0] // 20 

We can also get entire column or row vectors, or a new matrix from parts of an existing one.

 1: 2: 3: 4:  var m = M.Dense(6,4,(i,j) => 10*i + j); m.Column(2); // [2,12,22,32,42,52] m.Row(3); // [30,31,32,33] m.SubMatrix(1,2,1,2); // [11,12; 21,22] 

For each of these methods there is also a variant prefixed with Set that can be used to overwrite those elements with the provided data.

 1:  m.SetRow(3, V.Random(4)); 

In F# we can also use its slicing syntax:

 1: 2: 3: 4: 5:  let m = DenseMatrix.init 6 4 (fun i j -> float (10*i + j)) m.[0,0..3] // vector [0,1,2,3] m.[1..2,0..3] // matrix [10,11,12,13; 20,21,22,23] // overwrite a sub-matrix with the content of another matrix: m.[0..1,1..2] <- matrix [[ 3.0; 4.0 ]; [ 5.0; 6.0 ]] 

To set the whole matrix or some of its columns or rows to zero, use one of the clear methods:

 1: 2: 3: 4:  m.Clear(); // set all elements to 0 m.ClearColumn(2); // set the 3rd column to 0 (0-based indexing) m.ClearColumns(1,3); // set the 2nd and 4th columns to 0 (params-array) m.ClearSubMatrix(1,2,1,2); // set the 2x2 submatrix with offset 1,1 to zero 

Because of the limitations of floating point numbers, we may want to set very small numbers to zero:

 1: 2:  m.CoerceZero(1e-14); // set all elements smaller than 1e-14 to 0 m.CoerceZero(x => x < 10); // set all elements that match a predicate function to 0. 

Even though matrices and vectors are mutable, their dimension is fixed and cannot be changed after creation. However, we can still insert or remove rows or columns, or concatenate matrices together. But all these operations will create and return a new instance.

 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6:  var m2 = m.RemoveRow(2); // remove the 3rd rows var m3 = m2.RemoveColumn(3); // remove the 4th column var m4 = m.Stack(m2); // new matrix with m on top and m2 on the bottom var m5 = m2.Append(m3); // new matrix with m2 on the left and m3 on the right var m6 = m.DiagonalStack(m3); // m on the top left and m3 on the bottom right 

## Enumerators and Higher Order Functions

Since looping over all entries of a matrix or vector with direct access is inefficient, especially with a sparse storage layout, and working with the raw structures is non-trivial, both vectors and matrices provide specialized enumerators and higher order functions that understand the actual layout and can use it more efficiently.

Most of these functions can optionally skip zero-value entries. If you do not need to handle zero-value elements, skipping them can massively speed up execution on sparse layouts.

### Iterate

Both vectors and matrices have Enumerate methods that return an IEnumerable<T>, that can be used to iterate through all elements. All these methods optionally accept a Zeros enumeration to control whether zero-values may be skipped or not.

• Enumerate: returns a straight forward enumerator over all values.
• EnumerateIndexed: returns an enumerable with index-value-tuples.

Matrices can also enumerate over all column or row vectors, or all of them within a range:

• EnumerateColumns: returns an enumerable with all or a range of the column vectors.
• EnumerateColumnsIndexed: like EnumerateColumns buth returns index-column tuples.
• EnumerateRows: returns an enumerable with all or a range of the row vectors.
• EnumerateRowsIndexed: like EnumerateRows buth returns index-row tuples.

### Map

Similarly there are also Map methods that replace each element with the result of applying a function to its value. Or, if indexed, to its index and value.

• MapInplace(f,zeros): map in-place with a function on the element's value
• MapIndexedInplace(f,zeros): map in-place with a function on the element's index and value.
• Map(f,result,zeros): map into a result structure provided as argument.
• MapIndexed(f,result,zeros): indexed variant of Map.
• MapConvert(f,result,zeros): variant where the function can return a different type
• MapIndexedConvert(f,result,zeros): indexed variant of MapConvert.
• Map(f,zeros): like MapConvert but returns a new structure instead of the result argument.
• MapIndexed(f,zeros): indexed variant of Map.

Example: Convert a complex vector to a real vector containing only the real parts in C#:

 1: 2:  Vector u = Vector.Build.Random(10); Vector v = u.Map(c => c.Real); 

Or in F#:

 1: 2:  let u = DenseVector.randomStandard 10 let v = u |> Vector.map (fun c -> c.Real) 

### Fold and Reduce

Matrices also provide column/row fold and reduce routines:

• FoldByRow(f,state,zeros): fold through the values of each row, returns an column-array.
• FoldRows(f,state): fold over all row vectors, returns a row vector.
• ReduceRows(f): reduce all row vectors, returns a row vector.

## Printing and Strings

Matrices and vectors try to print themselves to a string with the ToString in a reasonable way, without overflowing the output device on a large matrix.

Note that this function is not intended to export a data structure to a string or file, but to give an informative summary about it. For data import/export, use one of the MathNet.Numerics.Data packages instead.

Some matrix examples:

  1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22: 23: 24: 25: 26: 27: 28: 29: 30: 31: 32: 33: 34: 35:  // Matrix.Build.Dense(3,4,(i,j) => i*10*j).ToString() DenseMatrix 3x4-Double 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 0 20 40 60 // Matrix.Build.Dense(100,100,(i,j) => i*10*j).ToString() DenseMatrix 100x100-Double 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 .. 980 990 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 .. 1960 1980 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 .. 2940 2970 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 .. 3920 3960 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 .. 4900 4950 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 .. 5880 5940 0 70 140 210 280 350 420 490 560 630 700 .. 6860 6930 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 960 1920 2880 3840 4800 5760 6720 7680 8640 9600 .. 94080 95040 0 970 1940 2910 3880 4850 5820 6790 7760 8730 9700 .. 95060 96030 0 980 1960 2940 3920 4900 5880 6860 7840 8820 9800 .. 96040 97020 0 990 1980 2970 3960 4950 5940 6930 7920 8910 9900 .. 97020 98010 // Matrix.Build.Random(4,4).ToString() DenseMatrix 4x4-Double 1.6286 -1.1126 1.95526 0.950545 0.537503 -0.465534 2.00984 1.90885 -1.62816 1.04109 -2.06876 0.812197 0.452355 -0.689394 -0.277921 2.72224 // Matrix.Build.SparseOfIndexed(4,100,new[] {Tuple.Create(1,2,3.0)}) SparseMatrix 4x100-Double 0.25% Filled 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 3.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 

Vectors are printed as a column that can wrap over to multiple columns if needed:

  1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22: 23: 24: 25: 26: 27: 28: 29:  // Vector.Build.Random(15).ToString() DenseVector 15-Double 0.519184 0.0950414 1.65913 2.56783 0.743408 0.574037 -1.73394 -0.906662 0.853759 -0.162181 -0.231667 -1.26393 -0.434873 0.693421 -0.513683 // Vector.Build.Dense(500,i => i).ToString() DenseVector 500-Double 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109 121 133 145 157 169 181 193 2 14 26 38 50 62 74 86 98 110 122 134 146 158 170 182 194 3 15 27 39 51 63 75 87 99 111 123 135 147 159 171 183 195 4 16 28 40 52 64 76 88 100 112 124 136 148 160 172 184 196 5 17 29 41 53 65 77 89 101 113 125 137 149 161 173 185 197 6 18 30 42 54 66 78 90 102 114 126 138 150 162 174 186 198 7 19 31 43 55 67 79 91 103 115 127 139 151 163 175 187 199 8 20 32 44 56 68 80 92 104 116 128 140 152 164 176 188 .. 9 21 33 45 57 69 81 93 105 117 129 141 153 165 177 189 .. 10 22 34 46 58 70 82 94 106 118 130 142 154 166 178 190 498 11 23 35 47 59 71 83 95 107 119 131 143 155 167 179 191 499 

The format is customizable to some degree, for example we can choose the floating point format and culture, or how many rows or columns should be shown:

  1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22: 23: 24: 25: 26: 27: 28: 29: 30: 31: 32: 33: 34:  // var m = Matrix.Build.Random(5,100,42); // 42 = random seed // m.ToString() DenseMatrix 5x100-Double 0.408388 -0.847291 -0.320552 0.162242 2.46434 .. 0.180466 -0.278793 -1.06988 0.063008 -0.527378 1.40716 -0.5962 .. -0.622447 -0.488186 -0.734176 -0.703003 1.33158 0.286498 1.44158 .. -0.834335 -0.0756724 1.78532 0.020217 1.94275 -0.742821 -0.790251 .. 1.52823 2.49427 -0.660645 1.28166 -1.71351 -1.33282 -0.328162 .. 0.110989 0.252272 // m.ToString("G2", CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("de-DE")) DenseMatrix 5x100-Double 0,41 -0,85 -0,32 0,16 2,5 -0,77 0,12 0,58 .. 0,18 -0,28 -1,1 0,063 -0,53 1,4 -0,6 -2,8 -0,35 0,3 .. -0,62 -0,49 -0,73 -0,7 1,3 0,29 1,4 -0,00022 -0,3 0,51 .. -0,83 -0,076 1,8 0,02 1,9 -0,74 -0,79 0,088 0,78 -0,94 .. 1,5 2,5 -0,66 1,3 -1,7 -1,3 -0,33 -0,69 -0,27 -0,68 .. 0,11 0,25 // m.ToString(3,5) // max 3 rows, 5 columns DenseMatrix 5x100-Double 0.408388 -0.847291 -0.320552 .. 0.180466 -0.278793 -1.06988 0.063008 -0.527378 .. -0.622447 -0.488186 -0.734176 -0.703003 1.33158 .. -0.834335 -0.0756724 .. .. .. .. .. .. // Matrix.Build.Random(100,100,42) // .ToMatrixString(2,4,3,4,"=","||",@"\\"," ",Environment.NewLine,x=>x.ToString("G2")) 0.41 0.36 0.29 = 0.43 0.56 -0.56 0.98 -1.1 -0.64 0.9 = 0.49 -0.3 2 -0.5 || || || \\ || || || || -0.87 -2.2 0.79 = 0.96 1.8 1.4 0.067 -0.14 -0.016 -0.55 = -0.36 0.33 0.24 0.52 -1.3 -1 -0.81 = 1.3 1 -1.1 -0.28 -0.21 -1.7 2.6 = -1.5 -1.2 -0.0014 3.4 

If you are using Math.NET Numerics from within F# interactive, you may want to load the MathNet.Numerics.fsx script of the F# package. Besides loading the assemblies it also adds proper FSI printers for both matrices and vectors.

val m1 : Matrix<float>

Full name: Matrix.m1
val matrix : lst:'T list list -> Matrix<'T> (requires default constructor and value type and 'T :> System.IEquatable<'T> and 'T :> System.IFormattable and 'T :> System.ValueType)

Full name: MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra.MatrixExtensions.matrix
val v1 : Vector<float>

Full name: Matrix.v1
val vector : lst:'T list -> Vector<'T> (requires default constructor and value type and 'T :> System.IEquatable<'T> and 'T :> System.IFormattable and 'T :> System.ValueType)

Full name: MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra.VectorExtensions.vector
val m2 : Matrix<float>

Full name: Matrix.m2
module DenseMatrix

from MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra
val zero : rows:int -> cols:int -> Matrix<'T> (requires value type and 'T :> System.ValueType and default constructor and 'T :> System.IEquatable<'T> and 'T :> System.IFormattable)

Full name: MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra.DenseMatrix.zero
Multiple items
val float : value:'T -> float (requires member op_Explicit)

Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Operators.float

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type float = System.Double

Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.float

--------------------
type float<'Measure> = float

Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.float<_>
val m3 : Matrix<float>

Full name: Matrix.m3
val init : rows:int -> cols:int -> f:(int -> int -> 'T) -> Matrix<'T> (requires default constructor and value type and 'T :> System.IEquatable<'T> and 'T :> System.IFormattable and 'T :> System.ValueType)

Full name: MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra.DenseMatrix.init
val i : int
val j : int
val m4 : Matrix<float32>

Full name: Matrix.m4
module DiagonalMatrix

from MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra
val identity : order:int -> Matrix<'T> (requires value type and 'T :> System.ValueType and default constructor and 'T :> System.IEquatable<'T> and 'T :> System.IFormattable)

Full name: MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra.DiagonalMatrix.identity
Multiple items
val float32 : value:'T -> float32 (requires member op_Explicit)

Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Operators.float32

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type float32 = System.Single

Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.float32

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type float32<'Measure> = float32

Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.float32<_>
val x : seq<seq<float>>

Full name: Matrix.x
module Seq

from Microsoft.FSharp.Collections
val init : count:int -> initializer:(int -> 'T) -> seq<'T>

Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.init
val c : int
val r : int
val m5 : Matrix<float>

Full name: Matrix.m5
val ofColumnSeq : columns:#seq<'b> -> Matrix<'T> (requires 'b :> seq<'T> and default constructor and value type and 'T :> System.IEquatable<'T> and 'T :> System.IFormattable and 'T :> System.ValueType)

Full name: MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra.DenseMatrix.ofColumnSeq
val m6 : Matrix<float>

Full name: Matrix.m6
val randomStandard : rows:int -> cols:int -> Matrix<'T> (requires value type and 'T :> System.ValueType and default constructor and 'T :> System.IEquatable<'T> and 'T :> System.IFormattable)

Full name: MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra.DenseMatrix.randomStandard
val m7a : Matrix<float>

Full name: Matrix.m7a
val random : rows:int -> cols:int -> dist:IContinuousDistribution -> Matrix<'T> (requires value type and 'T :> System.ValueType and default constructor and 'T :> System.IEquatable<'T> and 'T :> System.IFormattable)

Full name: MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra.DenseMatrix.random
Multiple items
type ContinuousUniform =
new : unit -> ContinuousUniform + 2 overloads
member CumulativeDistribution : x:float -> float
member Density : x:float -> float
member DensityLn : x:float -> float
member Entropy : float
member InverseCumulativeDistribution : p:float -> float
member LowerBound : float
member Maximum : float
member Mean : float
member Median : float
...

Full name: MathNet.Numerics.Distributions.ContinuousUniform

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ContinuousUniform() : unit
ContinuousUniform(lower: float, upper: float) : unit
ContinuousUniform(lower: float, upper: float, randomSource: System.Random) : unit
val m7b : Matrix<float>

Full name: Matrix.m7b
Multiple items
type Gamma =
new : shape:float * rate:float -> Gamma + 1 overload
member CumulativeDistribution : x:float -> float
member Density : x:float -> float
member DensityLn : x:float -> float
member Entropy : float
member InverseCumulativeDistribution : p:float -> float
member Maximum : float
member Mean : float
member Median : float
member Minimum : float
...

Full name: MathNet.Numerics.Distributions.Gamma

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Gamma(shape: float, rate: float) : unit
Gamma(shape: float, rate: float, randomSource: System.Random) : unit
val m : Matrix<float>

Full name: Matrix.m
val v : Vector<float>

Full name: Matrix.v
val v' : Vector<float>

Full name: Matrix.v'
val m' : Matrix<float>

Full name: Matrix.m'
val u : Vector<Complex>

Full name: Matrix.u
module DenseVector

from MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra
val randomStandard : n:int -> Vector<'T> (requires value type and 'T :> System.ValueType and default constructor and 'T :> System.IEquatable<'T> and 'T :> System.IFormattable)

Full name: MathNet.Numerics.LinearAlgebra.DenseVector.randomStandard
Multiple items
type Complex =
struct
new : real:float * imaginary:float -> Complex
member Equals : obj:obj -> bool + 1 overload
member GetHashCode : unit -> int
member Imaginary : float
member Magnitude : float
member Phase : float
member Real : float
member ToString : unit -> string + 3 overloads
static val Zero : Complex
static val One : Complex
...
end

Full name: System.Numerics.Complex

--------------------
Complex()
Complex(real: float, imaginary: float) : unit
type Vector<'T (requires default constructor and value type and 'T :> IEquatable<'T> and 'T :> IFormattable and 'T :> ValueType)> =
member AbsoluteMaximum : unit -> 'T
member AbsoluteMaximumIndex : unit -> int
member AbsoluteMinimum : unit -> 'T
member AbsoluteMinimumIndex : unit -> int